The development of secondary sexual characteristics before the expected age and sex is termed precocious puberty. It is usually due to excessive sex steroids production. Cases of precocious puberty are uncommon worldwide with a prevalence of 1/5000–1/10000 per children population and a female to male ratio of 10:1. In Nigeria, the prevalence is unknown with only a few reported cases, probably due to superstitious and religious beliefs. A high proportion of reported cases globally are of the gonadotropin-dependent (central) type. A case is being reported of a 30-month-old female non-identical twin in Cross River State, South-South of Nigeria, who presented with a 6-month history of bleeding per vagina, premature breast development and pubic hair distribution (Tanner stage 3). The patient had appropriate serum concentrations of the pituitary gonadotrophins and gonadal hormones for age. Precocious puberty was not a finding in the family history, and twin and other siblings had normal growth pattern. Radiological and endocrine investigations were diagnostic of precocious puberty. Hence, being proactive with a high index of suspicion is required of clinicians to be able to identify endocrine abnormalities that are increasing in prevalence and are going unnoticed in our environment, among the pediatric age group.

Keywords: Gonadotrophins, hormones, pediatric, precocious, puberty, steroids

How to cite this article: Eyam SE, Ekpe EEL. Precocious puberty in a 30-month-old Nigerian girl: A case report. Int J Med Dent Case Rep 2018;5:1-3.

Received: 02 January 2018;

Accepted: 27 March 2018

Lobular capillary hemangioma also known as pyogenic granuloma is a rapidly growing benign neoplasm of oral cavity and mucous membrane. The present case is about a 65-year-old male patient who had reported with a chief complaint of pain in the right posterior back tooth region since 2–3. Lobular capillary hemangioma is normally presented on the gingiva as a response local irritation such as calculus, fractured tooth, minor trauma, rough dental restorations, and foreign materials. Here, in this case, we excised the lesion and the histopathological report confirms the diagnosis.

Keywords: Gingiva, hemangioma, vascular malformation

How to cite this article: Nagaraj T, Gogula S, Santosh HN, Nigam H, Sumana CK. Lobular capillary hemangioma: A case report. Int J Med Dent Case Rep 2017;4:1-3.

Received: 23 December 2017;

Accepted: 11 January 2018

Wilckodontics also known as Periodontally Accelerated Osteogenic Orthodontics (PAOO) is a technique used to reduce orthodontic treatment time and achieve faster tooth movement as compared with conventional orthodontics. This present case demonstrates the use of piezosurgery to facilitate rapid orthodontic tooth movement in relatively shorter treatment time. The total treatment time required to complete the orthodontic treatment was 13 months for this case.

Keywords: Accelerated orthodontics, periodontally accelerated osteogenic orthodontics, regional acceleratory phenomena, Wilckodontics

How to cite the article: Chandra S, Vaidya M, Avinash BS, Jyothikiran H, Raghunath N. An innovative approach for faster orthodontic tooth movement – A case report. Int J Med Dent Case Rep 2018;5:1-4.

Received 02 February 2018;

Accepted 22 March 2018

Oligodontia is a rare congenital disorder which clinically presents as missing six or more teeth in deciduous, permanent, or both dentitions. Usually, oligodontia is seen as a part of few syndromes rarely occurs as an isolated entity. Msh homeobox 1 and paired box 9 genes are found to be responsible for nonsyndromic oligodontia. We present a case report a 17-year-old male patient, who had the absence of multiple teeth. General physical examination revealed there was no abnormality in either hair or nails, perspiration was normal and no congenital clefts of lip or palate were seen suggesting that he was not suffering from any syndromes. Hence, in our case, oligodontia was not associated with any syndrome which is a rare finding.

Keywords: Congenital, developmental, nonsyndromic, oligodontia

How to cite the article: Nagaraj T, Sumana CK, Gogula S, Nigam H. Nonsyndromic oligodontia - A rare case report. Int J Med Dent Case Rep 2018;4:1-3.

Received: 11 November 2017;

Accepted: 3 January 2018

Kimura’s disease (KD) is an inflammatory disease of unsure etiology which presents as a painless subcutaneous swelling in the head and neck region that involves major salivary glands and regional lymph nodes. KD mainly had seen in head and neck area, and typically presents as tumor-like lesions that could be easily misdiagnosed. The maxillofacial involvement of KD is scarce. Kimura disease is occasionally puzzled with angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia, which is usually associated with skin of the head and neck region. The anatomic sites of involvement of KD include posterior-auricular, cervical, and inguinal, epitrochlear lymph nodes, and salivary gland involvement. Here, we report a case of a 33-year-old Indian patient with KD who presented with unilateral nodular swelling in the right cheek region. The diagnosis of KD was made due to the previous history of surgeries, characteristic histopathologic findings along with peripheral eosinophilia, and high serum immunoglobulin E levels. Keywords: Eosinophilia, Kimura, nephrotic syndrome, parotid gland

How to cite the article: Hegde S, Shankar K, Donly A. Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, The Oxford Dental College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. Int J Med Dent Case Rep 2018;5:1-2.

Received 10 March 2018;

Accepted 15 April 2018

Developmental anomalies of the dental hard tissue are frequently encountered in the clinical practice. Tooth fusion, an unusual anomaly in the shape of the tooth, results of union of two separate tooth germs. This paper describes the management of 4-year-old child presenting with a carious fusion of tooth 51 and 52. Keywords: Developmental anomalies, fusion, gemination, primary incisors

How to cite this article: Rizk HM, Al-Ruthea M. Fusion in primary maxillary incisors: A case report. Int J Med Dent Case Rep 2018;5:1-4.

Received 20 March 2018;

Accepted 1 May 2018

Aim: This case describes multiple phleboliths found incidentally during a routine dental examination.

Background: Phleboliths are pathological entities that are often associated with hemangiomas or vascular malformations in the maxillofacial region.

Case Report: A 56-year-old female presented for comprehensive dental examination. Extraoral examination showed no facial skin abnormalities, lymphadenopathy, or salivary gland enlargement. Intraoral examination disclosed normal oral tissues, partially edentulous jaws, multiple dental restorations, recurrent caries, and marginal periodontal disease. Dental radiographs were obtained including an orthopantomograph, which revealed multiple well-defined, rounded radiopaque masses with laminated appearance, approximately 6-8 mm in diameter, located on the right side, and mainly superimposed on the coronoid process of the mandible. Magnetic resonance imaging with contrast confirmed the presence of low signal intensity foci suggestive of phleboliths, involving the inferior aspect of the right temporalis muscle, and extending anteriorly to the lateral pterygoid muscle within the retro antral fat of the right face, most compatible with a slow flow vascular malformation. Computed tomography angiography of head and neck with contrast verified the presence of multiple phleboliths involving the muscles of mastication on the right face and with no evidence of hemodynamically significant stenosis of the cervical and head blood vessels.

Conclusion: Phleboliths in the maxillofacial area are mostly asymptomatic, and could represent the presence of a serious vascular anomaly.

Clinical Significance: Dentists should be aware of these calcified bodies to avoid the risk of hemorrhage during oral and maxillofacial treatments. The clinician must be vigilant when considering, particularly, surgical procedures in the head and neck region.

Keywords: Incidental findings, oral medicine, vascular malformation

How to cite the article: Carrera JF, Mupparapu M, Bugueno JM. Incidental-imaging finding in the practice of oral diagnosis/oral medicine. A case report: Phleboliths in the maxillofacial region with literature review. Int J Med Dent Case Rep 2018;5:0-0.

Received: 12 April 2018;

Accepted: 01 June 2018

Advances in dentistry and increased awareness of the patient have led to a shift in various treatment modalities such as hemisection, root amputation, and bicuspidization of teeth which would have been extracted few years back. Molars are the first permanent teeth to erupt in the oral cavity and are most commonly extracted due to caries and periodontitis. The loss of posterior molar teeth can result in several undesirable sequelae including mesial migration of teeth, loss of vertical dimension of occlusion, supraeruption of opposing teeth, alveolar bone loss, and a decrease in chewing ability. Hemisection is one of the treatment options for patients with severe bone loss and compromised periodontium. Under specific condition, only the diseased root is removed and the remaining part of the tooth is preserved to support a fixed prosthesis, thus increasing the pericemental area.

Keywords: Class III furcation defect, hemisection, mandibular molar treatment

How to cite the article: Chandra S, Shashikumar P, Vijay DM, Kumari B. Hemisection: A ray of hope for the management of periodontally compromised mandibular molars - A case report and review. Int J Med Dent Case Rep 2018;5:1-4.

Received: 01 May 2018;

Accepted: 15 June 2018

Aim: In this paper, we report two cases of patients diagnosed with pica, an uncommon eating disorder, and the dentistry implications of this psychiatric disorder.

Background: Pica is a psychiatric disorder characterized by persistent ingestion of nonnutritive and/or nonfood substances. Dental implications caused by this condition depend on the substance ingested and the patterns of chewing; however, it is rare in the literature descriptions of dental complications of pica disorder.

Cases Report: (1) Patient, female, with pica and borderline personality disorder was referred to treatment at the dental service of a psychiatric institute. The patient presented tooth fractures and mucosal lesions. The treatment included dentin tooth sensitivity control, control of traumatic lesions in mucosa, and composite restorations. (2) Patient, female, with pica and bulimia nervosa, referred pain in the temporomandibular joint. The case discusses the value of anamnésis and a proper clinical examination.

Conclusions: Through the case reports we concluded that the dentists should be aware of the oral manifestations of this disease.

Clinical Significance: The performance of the dental team is of great value to the diagnosis of pica and fundamental during their treatment and rehabilitation.

Keywords: Dental service, dentistry, feeding and eating disorders, hospital, pica

How to cite the article: Varotto BLR, Lodi R, De Souza SP, Nápole R, Antequera R. Pica: Dental findings of an uncommon eating disorder in two clinical case reports. Int J Med Dent Case Rep 2018;5:1-4.

Received: 15 May 2018;

Accepted: 18 June 2018

Oral manifestations of ectodermal dysplasia (ED) include complete or partial hypodontia, anodontia, impacted teeth, loss of occlusal vertical dimension, protuberant lips, malformed and widely spaced teeth, and underdeveloped alveolar ridges. Dental defects associated with this syndrome can cause esthetic, functional, and psychosocial problems. Patients with EDs often present a significant treatment challenge for the restorative dentist owing to the multitude of oral manifestations. This clinical report describes the prosthodontic management of an adolescent with ED using overlay complete denture and ceramometal fixed dental prostheses.

Keywords: Anodontia, complete mouth rehabilitation, ectodermal dysplasia, overlay dentures

How to cite this article: Raipure PE, Pawar RS, Kulkarni RS. Prosthodontic management of an adolescent with ectodermal dysplasia and skeletal Class III malocclusion: A clinical report. Int J Med Dent Case Rep 2018;5:0-0.

Received: 18 May 2018;

Accepted: 20 June 2018

With the introduction of digital imaging techniques such as computerized tomography (CT) and lately cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), anatomical structures of the oral and maxillofacial region can be appreciated in three dimensions. The aim of this article is to familiarize clinicians with a workflow for guided implant surgery based on the use of CBCT and intraoral scanner in case of immediate implant placement. A CBCT was recorded for the patient and a digital impression was registered using an intraoral scanner (Lava COS). Codiagnostix® software was used for the coupling of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and intraoral scan data and virtual treatment planning. Ideal implant position and suprastructure were planned by digitally integrating the anatomic situations and future prosthetic demands. In the present case, digital planning software and fabricated surgical guide were beneficial in accurate immediate implant placement in the esthetic zone. The positioning of implants is more precise with guided implant surgery which will help clinicians to achieve prosthetically driven implant placement as it offers many advantages in terms of favorable esthetic, desirable occlusion, phonetics, and long-term peri-implant hard and soft tissues stability.

Keywords: Dental implants, guided surgery, oral implantology

How to cite this article: Tabassum A, Guided implant surgery and immediate implant placement in esthetic zone. Int J Med Dent Case Rep 2018;5:1-5.

Received: 1 May 2018;

Accepted: 20 June 2018

A 14-year-old female presented with ectopically erupted upper and lower canines and Class I molar relation. First premolar extraction was planned to correct ectopic position of canines. Segmental titanium molybdenum alloy T-loop was used to retract the canines into an ideal position in the upper arch, and Mulligan’s bypass arch was used in the lower arch. Post-treatment results showed a correction of ectopically erupted canines, bilateral Class I molar relation maintained, and inclination of incisors improved. At the end of treatment, the patient showed pleased smile with improved smile arc.

Keywords: Mulligan’s bypass arch, segmental arch, T-loop

How to cite this article: Mrudul V, Pai P, Jyothikiran H, Raghunath N, Ranjan A. Orthodontic treatment of a crowding case using segmental arch technique: A case report. Int J Med Dent Case Rep 2018;5:1-3.

Received: 2 May 2018;

Accepted: 20 June 2018

Betel quid lichenoid lesion (BQLL) refers to a specific entity of oral mucosal lesion associated exclusively with quid chewing habit which mimics oral lichen planus (OLP) clinically but lacks the crisscrossing pattern of striae commonly noted in OLP. This lesion may be misdiagnosed as OLP or lichened contact reaction or other quid-associated oral mucosal lesions; however, BQLL should be considered as a separate entity. There is a scarcity of case reports pertaining to this entity; although few prevalence studies have been reported. The prevalence rate of BQLL among quid chewers was found to be 9.5% in a north Indian population in 2015 which was higher than that reported in 1980 (0.7%). This shows the increasing trend of this lesion possibly due to the easy availability of quid in recent times. Hence, it is essential for oral physicians to have a sound knowledge of this entity, and it should be considered in the differential diagnosis.

Keywords: Betel quid lichened lesion, gutkha lichen, lichen planus-like lesion, oral lichen planus, quid

How to cite this article: Hegde S, Swati P, Neena VS. Betel quid lichenoid lesion: A case series and review of literature. Int J Med Dent Case Rep 2018;5:1-4.

Received 12 May 2018;

Accepted 29 July 2018

Of all the benign lesions commonly found occurring throughout the body, the epidermoid and dermoid cysts are the most usual form of cutaneous cysts. They are observed in regions where embryonic elements fuse together such as in the head and neck region with a prevalence of 1.6-6.9%. They have as less an occurrence as 0.01% of all oral cavity cysts and are found mainly in the area of the floor of the mouth, tongue, lips, or the interior of the bone. Cases of epidermoid cyst in locations, such as the lip, are very rare, and hence, a need was felt to report this case. In this report, we present a case of a labial epidermoid cyst in a 23-year-old female patient with a chief complaint of unesthetic swelling in lower right lip region near the corner of mouth for 2-3 months.

Keywords: Cyst, enucleation, epidermoid cyst, lower lip

How to cite this article: Sabnis S, Garde S, Chandan S, Bagul S, Sabnis S. The dilemma of an atypical cyst - the epidermoid of the lower lip. Int J Med Dent Case Rep 2018;5:1-3.

Received 10th May 2018;

Accepted 18th August 2018

Pierre Robin sequence (PRS) is historically defined as a triad of small jaw, tongue retraction, and air passage hindrance, wherein infants often exhibit an immature mandible and respiration difficulties at birth. The small mandible drives the tongue backward, leading to PRS. In general, a cleft palate which is broad and U shaped is additionally related with this anomaly. PRS is not a syndrome alone, though instead various disorders, with single anomaly leading to another. Nevertheless, it is related to many other craniofacial abnormalities and may emerge together with a syndromic diagnosis, such as velocardiofacial and Stickler syndromes. PRS affected infants should be assessed by interdisciplinary unit to evaluate the skeletal findings, tracing the air passage hindrance origin, and address air passage and nourishment issues. Alignment resolves the air passage hindrance in 70% of cases, and most children are able to feed normally in the correct position. A nasopharyngeal tube placement is necessitated in case of baby persist with low oxygen blood concentration symptoms. Initial nutrition through a nasogastric tube may further lessen the proportion of energy required, facilitating early body mass. A fraction of PRS infants is unaffected by conservative measures and needs further medical mediation. The clinician should first exclude any sources of hindrance before opt for any surgical procedure, below the tongue base that would need a tracheotomy. The two generally accepted treatment procedures, surgical forward attachment of tongue to the lower lip and callus distraction of the mandible are explained.

Keywords: Airway obstruction, distraction osteogenesis, glossoptosis, micrognathia, Pierre Robin sequence

How to cite the article: Sharma P, Guru KN, Malviya K. Pierre Robin syndrome: A case report and review of literature and multidisciplinary approach in management updates. Int J Med Dent Case Rep 2018;5:1-6.

Received 10^th June 2018;

Accepted: 27^th August 2018

Mobile health technology enables greater patient access to medical information and could dramatically improve health outcomes. This case report highlights the oral health challenges faced by a differently abled expectant mother. The utility of mHealth tools in managing this special situation is described.

Keywords: Differently abled, expectant mother, mHealth, oral health

How to cite the article: Narayan V, Thomas S, Rao KA. How mobile devices can transform health care: A case report of an expectant mother with special needs. Int J Med Dent Case Rep 2018;5:1-2.

Received: 01 August 2018;

Accepted: 02 September 2018

This case describes a combination treatment for extensive root caries and gingival recession with a resin-modified glass ionomer restoration and subepithelial connective tissue graft, with a successful 1-year follow-up. Treatment of root caries and recession treated with a restoration as a single treatment modality may produce less than ideal results due to increase tooth length and unesthetic appearance. A 35-year-old healthy male patient presented with severe sensitivity in #21. Clinical and radiographic examination showed extensive root caries extending up to the middle third of the root, 2 mm recession, and previous history of tobacco quid placement in the area. A partial thickness flap was elevated from #19 to #22 with vertical releasing incisions at both ends. The decay was removed with high-speed burs. The coronal part of the tooth was restored with composite and root portion with resin-modified glass ionomer restoration. A subepithelial connective tissue graft was harvested from the palate and secured in place with chromic sutures. Flap was approximated and closed with polypropylene sutures. 1-year evaluation showed complete root coverage and gingival health with no sensitivity. Connective tissue grafts can successfully be placed over biocompatible restorative materials like resin-modified glass ionomer to treat recession and root caries simultaneously. Dentists should be aware of not so commonplace combinations of surgical and restorative treatment modalities to achieve optimum clinical results.

Keywords: Caries, connective tissue graft, gingival recession, multidisciplinary, resin modified, restoration

How to cite the article: Abhyankar V, Bland PS, Hansen J. Successful management of extensive root caries with gingival recession using a multidisciplinary team approach - A case report of a 1-year follow-up. Int J Med Dent Case Rep 2018;5:1-4.

Received: 05 August 2018;

Accepted: 06 September 2018

Presence of natal teeth in the oral cavity itself is a rare condition, and it is extremely rare to find pathological conditions associated with the natal teeth. Gingival growth is the most frequently observed lesion in the oral cavity of which ossifying fibrous epulis (OFE) is one of the infrequently occurring gingival lesions in newborn. Parents of 3½-month-old infant reported to our department with the lump on the lower front gum pad which was noticed after the extraction of the natal tooth. A provisional diagnosis of irritational fibroma was made based on clinical a finding which was confirmed as OFE by histopathological findings. The growth was surgical excised. Complete healing was seen uneventfully after 15 days. Moreover, recall visits after 3 and 6 months showed no recurrence of the lesion.

Keywords: Lower alveolus, ossifying fibrous epulis, peripheral ossifying fibroma, radiopaque foci

How to cite this article: Kudtarkar SS, Tavargeri A. Ossifying fibrous epulis associated with natal tooth: A rare case report. Int J Med Dent Case Rep 2018;5:1-3.

Received 25 August 2018;

Accepted 04 September 2018

Hypersensitivity reactions against nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as diclofenac (DF) can elicit noticeable allergic reactions including systemic anaphylaxis and dermatological lesions.^[1] Angioedema is an abrupt swelling of the skin, mucous membrane, or both involving respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. This is a case report of a female who reported with swelling of the lips and bullous eruptions on the lower lip, after being treated with DF.^[2] The patient was diagnosed with drug-induced angioedema of the lips and was asked to discontinue the drug. Complete remission was seen after 1 week of discontinuing the medication.

Keywords: Angioedema, hypersensitivity, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

How to cite the article: Patil B, Maitra A. How mobile devices can transform health care: A case report of an expectant mother with special needs. Int J Med Dent Case Rep 2018;5:1-3.

Received 15^th August 2018;

Accepted 20^th September 2018

The most common problem encountered by the complete denture patients who have severely resorbed mandibular ridge is the stability of the complete denture which poses problem for the patients in mastication which is of great importance in providing nutrition at that particular age. Patients with severely resorbed ridges, find difficulty in using the dentures during functional movements of the jaw. As the denture has to counteract the forces from the muscles of the tongue, cheeks, and lips, it becomes extremely difficult for the patient to use the denture during mandibular movements. In such situations, the rehabilitation of completely edentulous patients with resorbed ridges becomes extremely a difficult situation for a prosthodontist. Rehabilitating the patient in the present concept called the neutral zone becomes extremely important as it enhances the stability of the complete denture prosthesis which enables the patient to use the dentures with ease and comfort.

Keywords: Neutral zone, resorbed mandibular ridge, stability of the denture, stable zone, zone of minimum conflict

How to cite this article: Pai SA, Keerthi R, Abigail S. Management of resorbed mandibular ridge using neutral zone concept. Int J Med Dent Case Rep 2018;5:1-3.

Received 19th August 2018;

Accepted 25th September 2018

Most non-extraction Class II malocclusions are treated by extraoral and intraoral appliances for molar distalization. Extraoral traction is effective but depends on patient cooperation. This led to the use of intraoral appliances; however, they too have drawbacks such as molar tipping and loss of anchorage. In this case report, a 13-year-old patient with Class II malocclusion with good facial balance is treated non-extraction. The two quadrants were divided into pendulum only and pendulum K-loop combination to compare the amount of molar tipping and dentoalveolar changes on both sides. The left upper quadrant has Hilgers pendulum appliance (pendulum only). On the right side, pendulum was adjuncted buccally by Karla’s K-loop appliance using split-mouth technique. It was concluded that Class I molar and canine relation was achieved faster on pendulum only side, though it presented with more distal molar tipping as compared to pendulum K-loop combination side which showed a controlled molar distalization.



Keywords: Class II treatment, Molar distalization, pendulum K-loop combination

How to cite this article: Bagaria R, Laxmikanth SM. Pendulum appliance and K-loop combination for molar distalization: A case report. Int J Med Dent Case Rep 2018;5:1-4

Received 20th August 2018;

Accepted 27th September 2018

Reconstruction of nasoalveolar process in cleft lip and palate patient is challenging for surgeon. Many procedures to obtain esthetic results and decrease the cleft gap have been suggested. Before surgical repair, presurgical nasoalveolar molding (PNAM) is used to reduce the size of the defect. Team approach which includes a plastic surgeon, orthodontist, speech therapist, pediatrician, and a prosthodontist required for rehabilitation of cleft lip and palate patient. A 5-day-old female patient with a left-sided unilateral cleft lip and palate deviation of the nasal tip from the facial midline toward the right side and a deformed right nasal dome with significant flattening, the shortening of columella with deviation, and shortening of the philtrum. PNAM had been done which is an effective way of reducing the size of the hard and soft tissue defect before undergoing surgery using an expansion screw. Enhancement of surgical outcome, reduction of need for revision after surgery, as well as reduction of cost can be achieved PNAM before primary closure.

Keywords: Alveolar cleft segments, cleft lip and palate, presurgical nasoalveolar molding

How to cite the article: Mallik A, Singh A, Sandhu H, Ramlan A. Presurgical nasoalveolar molding by orthodontic and prosthodontic approach. Int J Med Dent Case Rep 2018;5:1-3.

Received: 10 September 2018;

Accepted: 13 October 2018

We present here a case of inflammatory follicular cyst in the lower border of body of the mandible of a 4.5 years old male. There was associated cortical expansion and facial asymmetry. These cysts are rare at this age. Enucleation under general anesthetic including removal of the unerupted 34 was the treatment of choice. This report attempts to highlight the importance of prompt diagnosis, prevention of dental caries, and importance of making the parents aware of the sequelae of dental caries in children.

Keywords: Dentigerous cyst, enucleation, inflammatory follicular cyst, marsupialization

How to cite this article: Mariyam NCJ, Rajamani T, Ephraim R, Shamil MT. Management of inflammatory follicular cyst in a 4.5-year-old male patient - A case report. Int J Med Dent Case Rep 2018;5:1-3.

Received 10 September 2018;

Accepted 13 October 2018

The dental treatment of a medically compromised child presents a dilemma even to a seasoned clinician. The dental community has approached this dilemma by applying techniques that work in the normal population or by applying non-standard often untested techniques which work in these special groups. Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is one such medical condition which when affecting the patient requires a scientific as well humanitarian approach. This case report of a 3-year-old patient suffering from recessive dystrophic EB highlights the above approach and the extreme care and precautions that need to be taken while handling such patients.

Keywords: Dental management, epidermolysis bullosa, general anesthesia

How to cite the article: Mehta LK, Pai NG, Makwana VM. Emergency dental management of a child with epidermolysis bullosa under general anesthesia - A case report. Int J Med Dent Case Rep 2018;5:1-4.

Received 29 July 2018;

Accepted 15 October 2018

Porcelain laminate veneers are most conservative and esthetic treatment option for enhancing anterior esthetics. The success of veneers is mainly based on careful and controlled tooth reduction within the biological and mechanical principles of natural dentition. Laminate is viable conservative technique when compared with full crowns. Tooth colored thin layer material is placed on the prepared surface of the tooth for esthetically restoring small or large defects or intrinsic discoloration. Laminates are indicated in cases of fracture, discoloration, spacing, chipped enamel surfaces, etc. This article presents a series of three cases - (1) spacing between teeth, (2) fracture of teeth, and (3) discoloration of teeth. Porcelain laminates were planned for these cases. A step-by-step protocol was followed for fabrication of laminate veneers.

Keywords: Conservative preparation, esthetics, laminates, porcelain

How to cite the article: Jawade JF, Tembhurne JP, Chauhan MR. Esthetic rehabilitation of anterior teeth with porcelain veneers - A case series. Int J Med Dent Case Rep 2018;5:1-4.

Received 02 November 2018;

Accepted 04 December 2018

The shape and morphology of deciduous teeth follow their permanent successors unlike the second deciduous molars which resemble the first permanent molar rather than the second premolar. In some cases, we find deciduous teeth retained in the oral cavity beyond the age of its exfoliation along with its permanent successor in adults. The etiology of over retained deciduous tooth is crown misalignment of the successional permanent tooth. If the arch has good alignment but the prognosis of the primary tooth is poor due to caries, root resorption, or inadequate esthetics, extraction and prosthetic replacement may be necessary. This article presents an unusual case of simultaneous presence of primary maxillary second molar and malaligned second premolar rehabilitated together with crown which was diagnosed with cone beam computed tomography.

Keywords: Crown, primary maxillary second molar, second premolar

How to cite the article: Abishek L, Keerthi E, Dileep SK, Sugavasi GD. Combined tooth crown - A case of dental quackery. Int J Med Dent Case Rep 2018;5:1-3.

Received 12 November 2018;

Accepted 24 December 2018

Bell’s palsy is a benign lower motor neuron facial nerve disorder. It is usually caused by traumatic, infective, inflammatory, or compressive conditions on the nerve. Many cases are also with no identifiable etiologies and are classified as idiopathic. We report a case of 24-year-old female patient who came to the department of oral medicine and radiology with a deviation of mouth to the right side on making an effort to smile and difficulty in closing the left eye for 3 days. On clinical examination, there was a lack of movement of the left forehead and eyebrows, inability to close the left eye completely and hyperkinesia of the left cheek. No definitive etiology could be traced out, hence, considered as unilateral idiopathic Bell’s palsy of the left side. Patient was given steroid and encouraged to do tailored facial exercises which showed improvement in the symptoms, hence, no other interventions were made to treat this condition.

Keywords: Bell’s palsy, facial palsy, hemifacial paralysis, steroid

How to cite this article: Pai A, Shalma GH. Bell’s palsy diagnosis and management of perplexing entity in a young woman: A case report. Int J Med Dent Case Rep 2018;5:1-4

Received: 06 October 2018;

Accepted: 19 November 2018

Mucormycosis is a fungal infection caused by saprophytic fungus that can be found in soil, fruits, and decaying vegetables. Mucormycosis is usually noted in immunocompromised individuals, patients on systemic steroid therapy, in patients having malignant hematologic conditions, poorly controlled diabetic patients, and organ transplant patients. In this report, a case of 49-year-old male with well-controlled diabetes who was diagnosed with mucormycosis of the left maxillary sinus invading maxilla is discussed. Systemic antifungal therapy along with debridement followed by the extraction of teeth and removal of necrotic bone was carried out. Complete debridement was achieved with well-healed maxillary sinus and alveolus with no signs of recurrence of the disease.

Keywords: Diabetic, fungi, immunocompromised, mucormycosis, maxillary sinus, oral mucosa

How to cite this article: Gawande P, Kandoi A, Sabnis S, Bagul SK. Mucormycosis of maxillary sinus invading maxilla: A case report. Int J Med Dent Case Rep 2018;5:1-4.

Received: 22 November 2018;

Accepted: 28 December 2018

Tooth impaction is a pathological situation where a tooth is unable to achieve its normal functional position within the expected time span. Third molars are most frequently impacted teeth. Worldwide surgical/nonsurgical removal of the third molar is the most common procedure performed by oral surgeons and dental surgeons. The removal may be associated with intra- or post-operative complications. We present a case of impacted maxillary third molar which accidentally displaced into left maxillary sinus during its removal in a 27-year-old female who reported to our department with the complaint of pain and swelling of the left side of the face. The patient was admitted and the tooth was removed from maxillary sinus through Caldwell-Luc approach.

Keywords: Caldwell-Luc approach, impaction, maxillary sinus, maxillary third molar

How to cite the article: Mumtaz M, Kazmi F, Alsuwaiket AA, AlGhamdi M. Displacement of impacted third molar into maxillary sinus and its removal through Caldwell-Luc approach - A case report. Int J Med Dent Case Rep 2018;5:1-4.

Received: 12 January 2019;

Accepted: 18 February 2019

This case report aims to present the management of fractured tip of Gracey’s curette from the maxillary sinus. The broken tip of Gracey’s curette was intruded in the maxillary sinus during periodontal treatment of maxillary left first molar. It was then retrieved successfully with the Caldwell-Luc procedure. The close anatomic relation between maxillary molars, maxillary sinus, and infratemporal fossa calls for a meticulous clinical and radiological examination before any treatment to prevent inadvertent injuries.

Keywords: Caldwell-Luc, Gracey’s curette, inadvertent injuries, infratemporal fossa, maxillary sinus

How to cite the article: Ingole PD, Shenoi RS, Iqbal MA, Bang KO. Retrieval of fractured Gracey’s curette from maxillary sinus - A rare case report. Int J Med Dent Case Rep 2018;5:1-3

Received: 01 January 2019;

Accepted: 01 February 2019

Distraction osteogenesis (DO) has become a mainstream surgical technique for patients with jaw deformities. This case report describes the surgical orthodontic treatment of maxillary hypoplasia in two patients of 14-19 years with cleft lip and palate. They were treated with anterior maxillary DO using rigid intraoral distractor device. Distraction was started after the initial latency period with activation of 0.8 mm/day until positive overjet was gained. Cephalometric analysis was performed twice for evaluation: Before surgery (Pre-Rx) and after distraction (Post-Rx). Both the distractions completed smoothly and maxilla was distracted efficiently. Maxillary prominence increased in both the patients with a positive overjet after distraction. DO provided an effective way to correct maxillary hypoplasia secondary to cleft lip and palate.

Keywords: Cleft lip and palate, distraction osteogenesis, maxillary deficiency

How to cite the article: Pai P, Nitin VM, Raghunath N, Gupta P. Anterior maxillary distraction osteogenesis for cleft lip and palate patients - A case series. Int J Med Dent Case Rep 2018;5:1-4.

Received: 04 February 2019;

Accepted: 01 March 2019

Taurodontism is an unusual developmental anomaly that most often affects the permanent molars. It is characterized by an elongated pulp chamber, bifurcation near the apex, and no constriction at the level of cementoenamel junction. Endodontic treatment of a taurodont tooth is complicated and requires special consideration because it is hard to find the orifices, preparation, and obturation of root canals. In this case report, mandibular right first molar (tooth#30) of a 10-year-old boy patient was diagnosed hypertaurodont and endodontically treated with an open apex by placement of mineral trioxide aggregate as an apical plug to seal the end of distal root.

Keywords: Endodontics, mineral trioxide aggregate, open apex, taurodontism

How to cite the article: Soufdoost SR, Ghomi JA, Gohari A. Endodontic management of taurodontism with an open apex in mandibular first molar: A case report. Int J Med Dent Case Rep 2018;5:1-4.

Received 02 February 2019;

Accepted 06 March 2019

Panoramic radiographs of male patient revealed the presence of bilateral impacted fourth molars in mandibular region. The supernumerary teeth were distomolars and had normal tooth morphology with regard to their crowns and roots but were slightly smaller than the existing third molars. Their crowns were three tuberculate and they all had single roots. Supernumerary teeth are often located in the anterior maxilla, mandible, and to a lesser frequency posterior of the maxillary and mandibular region. They are classified as distomolar when they are located in posterior to their location. Their presence may or may not give rise to a variety of clinical problems. Detection of supernumerary teeth is usually achieved by clinical and radiographic examination. Their management should form part of a comprehensive treatment plan. A fourth molar tooth is a very rare entity in modern humans although prevalent in early humans. This article presents a case report in a non-syndromic patient with bilateral impacted mandibular distomolar; aberrations associated with supernumerary teeth and also a note on their incidence and prevalence.

Keywords: Bilateral fourth molar, distomolar, mandibular wisdom teeth, supernumerary teeth

How to cite the article: Merchant R, Khalid I, Mehrotra V. Bilaterally impacted mandibular fourth molar – A rare case report and review of literature. Int J Med Dent Case Rep 2018;5:1-3

Received: 15 February 2019;

Accepted: 30 March 2019

A female patient presented with an unusual location of pyogenic granuloma on the ventral surface of the tongue. These lesions are seen mostly between ages ranging from 11 to 40 years and occur frequently on gingiva but less frequently on the tongue. Identification of the primary etiological factors and its removal followed by excisional biopsy with definitive histopathological diagnosis was done. Follow-up of the patient showed no recurrence.

Keywords: Capillary, hemangioma, lobular, tongue

How to cite the article: Rai R, Dasgupta S, Babaji P, Shashibhushan KK. “Lobular capillary hemangioma in a rare location” – A case report. Int J Med Dent Case Rep 2018;5:1-3.

Received 5 March 2019;

Accepted 10 April 2019

A non-tender, bluish in color, soft in consistency, submucosal swelling seen over the floor of the mouth may be due to varied reasons. It may be caused by neoplasm of salivary gland, inflammation or obstruction of the salivary gland or cyst, etc. Here, we report a case of a young female patient with painless, bluish swelling over the floor of the mouth with extension into the submental region with swelling seen extraorally. Clinically, it may be suspected as a plunging ranula or thyroglossal cyst on inspection. However, investigations report has confirmed the diagnosis as a case of hemangioma of floor of the mouth. The lesion was conservatively managed with sclerosing agent and good result was achieved.

Keywords: Hemangioma, intralesional injection, sclerosing agent

How to cite the article: Singh G, Singh P, Khawlhring V, Gupta S. Hemangioma of the floor of mouth extending to the submental region: A case report. Int J Med Dent Case Rep 2018;5:1-3.

Received 01 April 2019;

Accepted 09 May 2019

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder is an often neglected neurodevelopment disorders. The provision of dental care for affected children can be challenging because they are often unsettled in the dental environment. The dentist must frequently make adjustments in clinical practice and use behavior management strategies according to the special needs of the patients with this disorder. This case report aims to report the dental care of a 7-year-old child with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and to discuss the dental management therapies that were utilized for the patient.

Keywords: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, dental operatory, special health care needs

How to cite the article: Gudadhe K, Lamba G, Nagpal D, Chaudhari P. Diagnosis and management of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder patient in dental operatory. Int J Med Dent Case Rep 2018;5:1-4.

Received: 01 April 2019;

Accepted: 09 May 2019